HYPNOTHERAPY & NEURO LINGUISTIC PROGRAMMING Essay - 1

HYPNOTHERAPY & NEURO LINGUISTIC PROGRAMMING - Essay Example Therefore, all the suggestions are entered to the subconscious without conscious intervention. Once conscious faculties are sure that monotonous stimuli unlikely to endanger their subject, they become complacent and irresponsible. With attention gone there can be no conscious intervention which leads to the state of conscious suspension. Conscious faculties are alert and vigilant to check the security or any danger from external stimuli. Therefore, the conscious faculties intervene when suggestions are on their way to the subconscious. To produce monotony to the sense of feeling, the subject should be made very comfortable by reducing all possible external stimuli. The pressure on the subjects body should be released by avoiding any unpleasant sensation commonly known as pins and needles. The subject should be instructed to sit properly without the legs crossed. The room environment should be calm and temperature should be maintained at constant level. If the emotional force generated by thoughts or perceptions is not discharged through appropriate action, the pressure will build up and escape where it finds least barrier. If it is not discharged, building of such a force might lead to destructive level of pressure. Hypnotist displays posters before his performance which claims to possess mysterious hypnotic powers, the power to control minds, and the power to control the actions of others. At the actual show, special stage props, a carefully planned presentation, and the impressive appearance of the hypnotist, all play a part in contributing still further to building up emotion in the audience. In normal situations the emotion is discharged through appropriate action. The builded pressure escapes where it finds least barrier. When the asserting pressure is moderate, feelings such as satisfaction, dislikes etc. are released. It can render the conscious faculties inefficient and incapable of carrying out their normal duties. In our working model of the

Cyber Terrorism and other types of terrorism in Australia Research Paper

Cyber Terrorism and other types of terrorism in Australia - Research Paper Example The practical difficulty in controlling cyber crimes made it one of the most dangerous terrorist activities of modern era. Since most of the critical areas of human life are making use of computers and internet at present, cyber attack can affect the social life drastically within a second. For example, transporting systems, power supply, military operation and telecommunication systems etc are relying heavily on computers and internet for its routine jobs and functions at present. Any problems occurred in the functionality of computers and internet can affect these areas negatively and cause immense damages to public life. This paper analyses the terrorism threats faced by Australia in general and cyber threats in particular. It is not necessary that cyber attacks may create physical ham alone to Australia. In fact cyber attacks can be used to defame a country like Australia in front of others. The most common form of hacktivism is the defacing of web pages to carry a message to the audience of that web site. The site shown in Figure below – an Australian business defaced to accuse Australia of being a terrorist country, is a recent example of hacktivism – as well as illustrating the tensions of the war on terror being transferred to the electronic realm (Ellsmore, p.5) The above webpage is a clear example of how the cyber attacks happening against Australia. Australia is a strong supporter of war on terror which is going on in Iraq and Afghanistan. Terrorists target all the countries which support war on terror in some way. Since most of the countries like Australia have strengthened the security measures against a physical or direct terrorist attack terrorists now adopting channels of indirect attack. Cyber attacks give them the luxury of attacking their targets from a distance and the chances of arrest or punishment are extremely rare. â€Å"Evidence exist s to suggest that al-Qaeda have also been using the Internet to collect & collate information about potential critical infrastructure targets† (Ellsmore, p.6). Internet is an ocean of information. It is not necessary to visit a place to collect information about it. All the details about all the places in the world are available on internet at present. It is easy for terrorist groups to collect and analyze this information before planning an attack on a particular target. The electronic information can be used for cyber attacks or even for physical attacks. According to the CERT Co-ordination Centre, the number of reported computer security incidents increased from 9,859 in 1999 to 52,658 in 2001, and we are on track for almost 100,000 in 2023. Similarly, the 2002 Australian Computer Crime and Security Survey found that 67% of respondents suffered a security incident, twice the level of 1994 (Ellsmore, p.8). The above statistics are clear indications of growing threats faced b y Australia from cyber terrorism. Cyber attacks can affect the productivity of organizations and employment losses to the employees. In other words, cyber attacks can destroy affect the financial systems more than the lives of the people. The expenses needed to conduct a cyber attack are extremely cheaper compared to the expenses needed for a physical attack. At the same time cyber attacks can cause more damages to the target than a physical attack. Moreover, the publicity generated by cyber attacks may create panic and disgust among the people. The above facts motivate terrorist in selecting cyber medium for their future channel of attack. â€Å"

Iconographic Representation Of Jesus Christ Essay Example for Free

Iconographic Representation Of Jesus Christ Essay Jesus Christ, by Christian tradition is known as the lamb of God or the sacrificial lamb, so he is symbolized by a very young lamb seated on a nest of thorns. Other than this Christ is also known as ‘the fisher of men’ which relates to the biblical story of how He was able to gather people into His flock so that they would submit to His teachings; so the ancient symbol for Christ is a simple illustration of the fish as shown in the collage. Other than this, this representation also has something to do with Christ’s words to Peter, when He said, â€Å"Come with me and I will make you fishers of men. This is also the reason why the Pope wears a ring known as ‘the fisherman’s ring† so symbolize his being the Vicar of Christ on earth. Another symbol which represent’s Christ is bread, because he also said during his lifetime, â€Å"I am the Bread of Life, whosoever partakes in my banquet shall have eternal life. †; Christ is also represented by fire, light or a flame because of his pronouncement that He â€Å"is the Way, the Truth, and the Light. †   Another symbol used in the collage is the chi-rho symbol which was an ancient way of writing the name Jesus Christ.

Data Analysis Chapter Example

Data Analysis Chapter Example This chapter will focus on the results of the data analysis. The first section will discuss the descriptive statistics and in the second section the results of the Heckman two-step approach will be discussed. Descriptive statistics The descriptive statistics of the survey data will be discussed by comparing and characterizing the households that affected and do not affected by the climate change. The sample size used for the analysis is therefore 420 respondents. An uneven distribution of land ownership exists in coastal region of Bangladesh, with a significant proportion of land being owned by large landowners (Alauddin and Hamid 1997). Agricultural survey (1996 ) shows that 54% of families in coastal areas hold only 17% of the total agricultural land (PDO-ICZMP-2003). The majority of the rural population is either landless farmers (who sell their labor or cultivate others land)or marginal farmers (who have less than .2 ha of property) (Opstal 2006). Over the past decade the farmers are declined. Now a day in the coastal Bangladesh fishing is one of the most important economic activities. They are mostly landless or have a small plot of land to use for living purpose. In the study area total land size is changed due to climate change. It appears from the given table which shows the comparative analysis of land pattern before and after Aila. In 2008 the average amount is 157.02 hectare/year and in 2009 it is 99.89 hectare/year. Land is used for different purposes. In 2008, 159 respondents used their land for cultivation i.e they are the agricultural land owner and due to climate change only 75 respondents are the owner of the agricultural land. This amount is decreasing. In last 5 years 62 households lost their land in the study area. The total amount of damaged land is 36911.58 hectares. Most of the people depend on agriculture so this is a great loss for their survive. For this their income is decreased, expenditure is decreased and they have no enough money to buy the agricultural land. From this it is concluded that they live below poverty line. According to a recent (Oct09) study done by the South Asia Association of Poverty Eradication, each affected household has seen their income decrease by approximately 44% as a result of Cyclone Aila. The main independent variable is expenditures by household for a basket of basic needs, which is considered as a measurement of poverty. This expenditure measurement actually represents a poverty threshold value, which is derived from HIES (Household Income-Expenditure Survey 2009) by BBS and is equivalent to US$ 208/capita/year (BBS, 2008). It is referred as Basic Need Cost in the model. In 2009 we get only 84 respondents out of 420 do not live below poverty line. It is estimated by using our expenditure data from primary survey analysis. So due to climate change most of the households live below poverty line. Econometric Analysis Now we would like to continue with figuring out the nature and extent of relationship between agricultural land ownership pattern and poverty of Koyra. Hence, in this chapter we conduct econometric analysis. Variables used in econometric models With a view to identifying the relationship pattern between agricultural land ownership pattern and poverty we ran a number of econometric models. But before we proceed to the operation with econometric models, let us have a look at the variables used in the model. Dependent variable The dependent variable is total land owned by, which is considered to be affected by climate change. This variable indicates how much land was owned by the household in 2009. The values were taken in hectares for the entire household. Independent variables Below we have mentioned the independent variables, with short explanation, that we used in models. Variable household size refers to the total number of members in a household. Education refers to households average aggregate academic schooling year. It is the number obtained by summing up of formal schooling years of all members in a household and then dividing it with the number of total household members. This variable is considered as a proxy for capacity of households. The variable Duration with community refers to the number of years the respondent household living with the current community. Along with the above-mentioned dependent and independent variables, we used the following two independent variables for constructing correlation and regression. Econometric Methodology: We used a Heckman Two Step Model for dependent variable land ownership in order to find out if there is any sample selection bias in the model. This model consists of two processes that are addressed by two different equations: a selection equation and a conditional equation. The first probit equation is a selection process for the households having land-ownership or not. In the second equation the effects of independent variables on land ownership are examined. These processes are related to each other through their error terms which contain the unobservable. If there is no correlation between the error terms of the two equations, there is no need to perform a Heckman two step approach as there is no sample selection bias and an OLS regression provides the unbiased result (Dow and Norton, 2003). The Heckman two-step approach is based on the assumption that the selection equation and the conditional equation are related to each other through their error terms. When there is no relation between the error terms there is no need to perform a Heckman two step approach as there is no sample selection bias and an OLS regression will give unbiased estimators. For such a model, the bottom line in STATA output gives a value for Ï  (rho) with associated p-value. This Ï  is a likelihood ratio indicating the correlation between the error terms of the equations in Heckman model. The correlation between the error terms is indicated in table (Annex) by the selectivity parameter, Ï . The Heckmans lambda is included in the regression to control for the influence of unobserved characteristics of the variables. The regression coefficient of the control factor is an indicator for the covariance of the error terms. In the model the control factor is non-significant. The missing data problem can arise in a variety of forms. We can see that there are missing data in the sample. The number of missing data in is 3, but the problem is more severe for, where the number of missing data is 80. Since the data is missing mainly on the dependent variable, a nonrandom sample selection exists in this case. There is a possibility that due to some common pattern, the respondents did not provide any data. If that has happened, bias could always occur in OLS in estimating the population model. As a result, we use here the Heckman model. Our model is Empirical results This chapter will focus on the results of the data analysis. The first section will discuss the descriptive statistics and in the second section the results of the Heckman two-step approach will be discussed. Descriptive statistics The descriptive statistics of the survey data will be discussed by comparing and characterizing the households that affected and do not affected by the climate change. The sample size used for the analysis is therefore 420 respondents. An uneven distribution of land ownership exists in coastal region of Bangladesh, with a significant proportion of land being owned by large landowners (Alauddin and Hamid 1997). Agricultural survey (1996 ) shows that 54% of families in coastal areas hold only 17% of the total agricultural land (PDO-ICZMP-2003). The majority of the rural population is either landless farmers (who sell their labor or cultivate others land)or marginal farmers (who have less than .2 ha of property) (Opstal 2006). Over the past decade the farmers are declined. Now a day in the coastal Bangladesh fishing is one of the most important economic activities. They are mostly landless or have a small plot of land to use for living purpose. In the study area total land size is changed due to climate change. It appears from the given table which shows the comparative analysis of land pattern before and after Aila. In 2008 the average amount is 157.02 hectare/year and in 2009 it is 99.89 hectare/year. Land is used for different purposes. In 2008, 159 respondents used their land for cultivation i.e they are the agricultural land owner and due to climate change only 75 respondents are the owner of the agricultural land. This amount is decreasing. In last 5 years 62 households lost their land in the study area. The total amount of damaged land is 36911.58 hectares. Most of the people depend on agriculture so this is a great loss for their survive. For this their income is decreased, expenditure is decreased and they have no enough money to buy the agricultural land. From this it is concluded that they live below poverty line. According to a recent (Oct09) study done by the South Asia Association of Poverty Eradication, each affected household has seen their income decrease by approximately 44% as a result of Cyclone Aila. The main independent variable is expenditures by household for a basket of basic needs, which is considered as a measurement of poverty. This expenditure measurement actually represents a poverty threshold value, which is derived from HIES (Household Income-Expenditure Survey 2009) by BBS and is equivalent to US$ 208/capita/year (BBS, 2008). It is referred as Basic Need Cost in the model. In 2009 we get only 84 respondents out of 420 do not live below poverty line. It is estimated by using our expenditure data from primary survey analysis. So due to climate change most of the households live below poverty line. Econometric Analysis Now we would like to continue with figuring out the nature and extent of relationship between agricultural land ownership pattern and poverty of Koyra. Hence, in this chapter we conduct econometric analysis. Variables used in econometric models With a view to identifying the relationship pattern between agricultural land ownership pattern and poverty we ran a number of econometric models. But before we proceed to the operation with econometric models, let us have a look at the variables used in the model. Dependent variable The dependent variable is total land owned by, which is considered to be affected by climate change. This variable indicates how much land was owned by the household in 2009. The values were taken in hectares for the entire household. Independent variables Below we have mentioned the independent variables, with short explanation, that we used in models. Variable household size refers to the total number of members in a household. Education refers to households average aggregate academic schooling year. It is the number obtained by summing up of formal schooling years of all members in a household and then dividing it with the number of total household members. This variable is considered as a proxy for capacity of households. The variable Duration with community refers to the number of years the respondent household living with the current community. Along with the above-mentioned dependent and independent variables, we used the following two independent variables for constructing correlation and regression. Econometric Methodology: We used a Heckman Two Step Model for dependent variable land ownership in order to find out if there is any sample selection bias in the model. This model consists of two processes that are addressed by two different equations: a selection equation and a conditional equation. The first probit equation is a selection process for the households having land-ownership or not. In the second equation the effects of independent variables on land ownership are examined. These processes are related to each other through their error terms which contain the unobservable. If there is no correlation between the error terms of the two equations, there is no need to perform a Heckman two step approach as there is no sample selection bias and an OLS regression provides the unbiased result (Dow and Norton, 2003). The Heckman two-step approach is based on the assumption that the selection equation and the conditional equation are related to each other through their error terms. When there is no relation between the error terms there is no need to perform a Heckman two step approach as there is no sample selection bias and an OLS regression will give unbiased estimators. For such a model, the bottom line in STATA output gives a value for Ï  (rho) with associated p-value. This Ï  is a likelihood ratio indicating the correlation between the error terms of the equations in Heckman model. The correlation between the error terms is indicated in table (Annex) by the selectivity parameter, Ï . The Heckmans lambda is included in the regression to control for the influence of unobserved characteristics of the variables. The regression coefficient of the control factor is an indicator for the covariance of the error terms. In the model the control factor is non-significant. The missing data problem can arise in a variety of forms. We can see that there are missing data in the sample. The number of missing data in is 3, but the problem is more severe for , where the number of missing data is 80. Since the data is missing mainly on the dependent variable, a nonrandom sample selection exists in this case. There is a possibility that due to some common pattern, the respondents did not provide any data. If that has happened, bias could always occur in OLS in estimating the population model. As a result, we use here the Heckman model. Our model is We assumed that is observed if Where and have correlation Results: The results of our Heckman model are provided in Table (Annex). Using as a dependent variable in Heckman regression, we find and the constant term are significant while is insignificant. We also find positive relationship for and with . Considering the absolute values of the coefficients (table), the result shows that is the most influential between the two variables. A typical use of a logarithmic transformation variable is to pull outlying data from a positively skewed distribution closer to the bulk of the data in a quest to have the variable be normally distributed. In regression analysis the logs of variables are routinely taken, not necessarily for achieving a normal distribution of the predictors and/or the dependent variable but for interpretability. The standard interpretation of coefficients in a regression analysis is that a one unit change in the independent variable results in the respective regression coefficient change in the expected value of the dependent variable while all the predictors are held constant. Interpreting a log transformed variable can be done in such a manner; however, such coefficients are routinely interpreted in terms of percent change (Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach by Woolridge for discussion and derivation). Well explore the relationship between the landownership pattern and the per capita consumption expenditure. In this model we are going to have the dependent variable in its original metric and the independent variable log-transformed. Similar to the prior example the interpretation has a nice format, a one percent increase in the independent variable increases (or decreases) the dependent variable by (coefficient/100) units. In this particular model we take log with PCE and the coefficients on and represent the estimated marginal effects of the regressors in the underlying regression equation. So, an increase in the household size by one member increases land ownership by 6.30 hectares and an increase in the household consumption expenditure by one percent increases land ownership by 0.613 hectares. On the other hand, household size is the least influential variable. It is positively related with landownership pattern. So these two variables have greater influence on poverty. We used the Heckman two step models while taking land ownership as a dependent variable in the conditional equation of this model, along with other independent variables, result in model shows that PCE is positively related with landownership. The p value of lambda is 0.193 i.e. 19%. So this is not significant for the model i. e. there is no correlation between the error terms of the two equations in Heckman model. The lambda term is positively signed which suggests that the error terms in the selection and primary equations are positively correlated. So (unobserved) factors that make more observable tend to be associated with higher values of our independent variables in the selection equation. However, since the lambda term is not significant, we cannot come to any such conclusion and hence we conducted OLS. But if we use the OLS we get the following Table 1: OLS Result lnd_owners~p | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -+- lnpce | 58.21023 18.98437 3.07 0.002 20.86622 95.55423 hh_size | 4.660069 6.495749 0.72 0.474 -8.117666 17.4378 _cons | -204.742 97.52465 -2.10 0.037 -396.5819 -12.90203 We present the usual OLS regression in Table 1. As we can see from Table 1, and is both positive, while the former is not significant and the latter is significant. Similarly, the constant term is negative but significant. Table 2 From the above OLS table we consider the independent variables are per capita expenditure, education level, during with the community, household size and asset 2008 and the dependent variable is land ownership pattern of the respondents. In this analysis the model is significant in case of asset 2008 for dependent variable land ownership because in this case the value of P is 0%. We know if the value of P is less than 5% then the model is significant. From the regression we get per capita expenditure, education level, during with the community and asset 2008 is positive. But without asset 2008 all other variables are not significant. Similarly the constant term is also positive but not significant. Results from various OLS regression models are shown in Table 1 and.2. The former shows results when model is run with and while the latter shows results when land ownership is incorporated with other independent variables. Values of coefficient are different for the independent variables in the result tables. Using land ownership (i.e. our measure of poverty) as a dependent variable in OLS regression, we found without one, all the explanatory variables are not significant (Table 2). We also found significant positive relationship per capita expenditure, education level, during with the community and asset 2008 with land ownership whereas it is significantly negative for household size. Annex . heckman lnd_ownership lnpce hh_size, twostep select(lnpce edulevel duringwithcomty hh_size asst2008) rhosigma Heckman selection model two-step estimates Number of obs = 417 (regression model with sample selection) Censored obs = 80 Uncensored obs = 337 Wald chi2(4) = 9.83 Prob > chi2 = 0.0434 | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval] -+- lnd_owners~p | lnpce | 61.28878 20.67387 2.96 0.003 20.76873 101.8088 hh_size | 6.303549 7.203314 0.88 0.382 -7.814687 20.42179 _cons | -286.9731 123.3481 -2.33 0.020 -528.731 -45.21517 -+- select | lnpce | .0682579 .1348031 0.51 0.613 -.1959514 .3324671 edulevel | .0096151 .025462 0.38 0.706 -.0402896 .0595197 duringwith~y | .0161874 .005286 3.06 0.002 .005827 .0265477 hh_size | .007615 .046654 0.16 0.870 -.0838252 .0990552 asst2008 | -1.13e-06 7.34e-07 -1.53 0.125 -2.57e-06 3.12e-07 _cons | -.0686488 .6543009 -0.10 0.916 -1.351055 1.213757 -+- mills | lambda | 181.4302 139.4798 1.30 0.193 -91.94525 454.8057 -+- rho | 0.74328 sigma | 244.09453 lambda | 181.43021 139.4798

Technology in the Classroom Stimulates Learning Essay -- Education Sch

Technology in the classroom, is it good or bad? I think this is a question that will be debated for many years to come. There are those who believe that we must have technology in the classroom so that we can move forward as a society. In a speech given by Roy Pea and Larry Cuban, Roy Pea quotes the Labor Secretary’s Commission on the Achieving Necessary Skill, or SCANS, as saying â€Å"Those unable to use technology face a life time of menial work.† Others believe that technology replaces learning and is actually making us stupid. Some believe that the costs out weigh the benefits and others who believe the opposite. I believe that technology in the classroom can only help to enhance and stimulate learning and prepare students for the future. The government has even acknowledged the need for technology in the classroom. In the â€Å"no child left behind† bill there is a section that covers this very topic. This section is known as the â€Å"Enhancing Education Through Technology act of 2001†. â€Å"The primary goal of this part is to improve student academic achievement through the use of technology in elementary schools and secondary schools.† Technology is everywhere and as educators of future generations we cannot simply ignore it or its influence in our daily lives. The world of education is constantly changing. The demands on teachers and students are ever increasing. Students are being expected to learn harder math concepts earlier in their educational careers. For example, my son is taking Pre-Algebra in the seventh grade. Without the use of technology, how can we expect teachers and students to keep up with these demands? Technology can allow teachers to provide their students with visual examples of concepts they ar... ...ts to develop marketable jobs skills. They are learning how to use technology to get the most from their education. We are preparing our students for the future and all the changes it will bring. Kathleen Patrice Gulley wrote â€Å"Given the role that education plays in preparing students to go into the world, it seems clear that there should be a connection between the world and the classroom. Unless education reflects the world in which it exists, it has no relevance for the students.† If we do not incorporate technology into our classrooms we are failing to give our children the best possible education and the skills necessary to be successful in the future. Resources http://tappedin.org/info/teachers/debate.html http://www.ed.gov/legislation/ESE02/pg34.html http://jep.csus.edu/journal2003/paper5.htm http://www.standards.nctm.org/document/chapter1/index.htm

Elevating the Voice of the Patient Essay -- Nursing Essays

In any healthcare setting, a patient should be able to influence their own care and treatment. However, there may be particular obstacles that may prevent a patient from voicing their opinions regarding their care and treatment. The purpose of this essay is to discuss three barriers: how a patient can overcome not being empowered; staff having limited knowledge and insufficient training regarding certain mental health issues and poor communication. These barriers will be related to recent clinical experience. The aim of this essay is to consider how each of these barriers diminished the voice of the patient and how these were overcome. Empowerment is a relatively new concept in healthcare; it follows the theory that every person should be entitled to make decisions about their own healthcare (Gohde, 2011). It is important that a patient can feel empowered – that they can feel instrumental in their own care – so that they may begin to recover. In previous years, patients were passive recipients of care (Latvala, 2000) but now they are more active in making decisions about their care. Patient empowerment is vital in promoting a positive outcome for a nurse – patient relationship (Spence Lashinger, 2010). An example of patient empowerment is the experience of Emily, who is a twenty-five year old female with a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa. Emily was diagnosed eight years ago and subsequently is well known to her local NHS Psychiatric Services. Emily was recently admitted into a Psychiatric Admissions Ward at her local NHS hospital under a Compulsory Treatment Order (Scottish Government, 2004) afte r attempting suicide following an episode of severe starvation. When the student nurse commenced placement at the ward in which Emily h... ...an Eating Disorders Review (8) page 293-300 Sanfter JL (2011) â€Å"Quality of Life in Relation to Psychosocial Risk Variables for Eating Disorders in Women and Men† Eating Behaviours 12 (2) page 136-142 Scottish Government (2004) The New Mental Health Act – What’s It All About? A Short Introduction. Available online at www.scotland.gov.uk/publications/2004/01/18753/31686, first accessed 28/04/2011 Sheldon LK (2009) â€Å"Communication for Nurses†, Second Edition, London, James and Bartlett, page 81-82 Snell L, Crowe M, Jordan J (2010) â€Å"Maintaining a Therapeutic Connection: Nursing in an Inpatient Eating Disorders Unit† Journal of Clinical Nursing 19 (3-4) page 358 Spence Laschinger HK (2010) â€Å"Towards a Comprehensive Theory of Nurse – Patient Empowerment: Applying Kanter’s Empowerment Theory to Patient Care† Journal of Nursing Management. 18 (1) page 4-13

Mongol Criticisms

November 28, 2010 Mongol Invasions The Mongol Invasions of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries have long been a point of contention amongst historians and scholars. The series of assaults launched on behalf of the Mongols ultimately amounted to a holocaust in which few were spared. Though the immediate impacts of the conquests were undeniably horrific, some historians have commended later Mongol regimes for the institutional reforms they introduced.However, even with these post invasion innovations in mind, a legitimate rationale behind the excessive destruction and violence is still a question for debate. When examining the ideological motives of the Mongols, it is clear that they were radically impassioned by their beliefs. Unfortunately, the logic behind these beliefs is less clear.Taking into consideration the relevant religious debate during the time period as exemplified in â€Å"William of Rubric’s Account of the Mongol Invasions† as well as the pertinent hum anitarian concerns best illustrated by renowned historian Ibn al-Athir, criticisms regarding the religious legitimacy and negative humanitarian impacts of the Mongol Invasions are valid assessments. The first controversy surrounding the impact of the Mongol invasions is whether or not their motives were legitimate.Much of historian criticism suggests that the religious and ideological beliefs of the Mongols that compelled them to action were both extremist and illogical. The second topic of debate is whether, with those motives in mind, the extermination of such an enormous group of people, could possibly be justified. In contrast with these historians’ criticisms, some historians commend the institutional reforms and cultural changes initiated by the Mongols.However, considering the inhumanity of systematically exterminating entire civilizations based on religious and ideological beliefs that are in many ways flawed, historian criticisms are both appropriate and compelling. The religious foundations of the Mongol invasions have been subject to criticisms from historians who raise interesting ideological concerns. Some historians argue that no event so catastrophic could possibly hold any justification in religion nor could it be condoned for whatever long-term beneficial effects[1].According to Ibn al-athir, â€Å"there is no strength and no power save in God, the High, the Almighty, in face of this catastrophe, whereof sparks flew far and wide, and the hurt was universal†. It has also been suggested that Mongol religion did not take into account morality nor incorporate any codes for governing human behavior. The tribe’s original religious identity was based in Tengriism, or the worship of an Eternal Blue Sky god. In practice, Tengriism was notably primitive. Ibn al-Athir confirms this observation in saying, â€Å"As for their religion, they worship the sun when it rises, and regard nothing as unlawful†.A religion that takes no pa rticular stance on fundamental moral issues and provides no feasible code of living for it’s followers is a religion that encourages chaos. But an even more obtrusive Mongol belief was in their God given destiny to conquer the entirety of the known world. They defined this destiny as an attempt to â€Å"purify the earth of the disorders that taint[ed] it† (96). Or in other words, to destroy any civilization whose beliefs did not coincide with theirs. By modern standards, the Mongol invasions could be classified as genocide.The arrogance of the Mongols also ensured the continuity of the movement. In William Rubruck’s account of the Mongols, it is evident that the perspectives of other religious, social, or political parties were largely suppressed. Tolerance for opinions that conflicted with Mongol regimes was minimal, and their violent history instilled a level of fear in people that kept them quiet. Combined with their passionate objective to carry out God†™s will, Mongol arrogance and intolerance gave the movement frightening momentum.Being violently impassioned by these questionable beliefs, it is not surprising that the actions of the Mongols were also very controversial. The systematic extermination of hundreds of thousands of people, involving cases of torture and public killings, undoubtedly constitutes a humanitarian catastrophe. For Ibn al- Athir, the Mongol invasions represented â€Å"the greatest catastrophe and the most dire calamity (of the like of which and days and nights are innocent) which befell all men generally†. He comes to this conclusion in part by considering the most tragic event preceding the invasions.This event was Nebuchadnezzar’s destruction of Jerusalem and the slaughtering of the children of Israel. In his comparison he notes that the Mongols killed more people in a single city then all of the children that were massacred in Israel, thus deeming the invasions the single most catastrophic event in history at that time. During the Mongol’s invasions they destroyed villages, and desecrated countless schools, libraries, mosques, and palaces. Many historians perceive their militant tactics as being ruthless and barbaric.Examples of such acts are: The flooding or burning of entire villages, pouring molten gold down the throat of a Muslim governor, creating public pyramids from victims severed heads, and even slaughtering dogs and cats on the street. Ibn al- Athir comments on the merciless approach of the Mongols by asserting that â€Å"Even Antichrist would spare such that follow him, though he destroy those who oppose him, but these Tartar’s spared none, slaying women and men and children, ripping open pregnant women and killing unborn babies†. This reiterates the dilemma of how any event so atrocious in it’s impact could have any legitimate rationale behind it.Accredited arguments in support of the Mongol Invasions commend the long-term effec ts of Mongol rule. The two most prevalent to the debate are: First, that a post invasion shift toward government centralization occurred and ultimately benefited Middle Eastern infrastructures. Second, that the Mongols introduced a new phase of creativity to the Middle East. Some historians have labeled the shift back toward government centralization as the rebirth of the Iranian Monarchial System and commend it for having â€Å"recreated the brilliance of Saljuq-Period Turkic-Iranian monarchical culture†.They argue that this change enabled innovative developments and constructions such as building cities, developing irrigation works, and trade expansion. Furthermore, some argue that the synthesis of Mongol, Turkic, Seljuq, and Iranian concepts gave birth to a uniquely innovative and artistic culture. Evidence supporting this conception includes the flourishing of historical writings, the revival of painting and illustration, and architectural advancements. It is true that Mo ngol rule saw a complete cultural transformation that may have in some ways benefited Middle Eastern society, but at what cost?The value of any newly established state must be weighed with the value of the one it replaced, not excluding the question of why it was replaced in the first place. By modern standards, the justifications behind the actions of the Mongols are backwards and nonsensical. Consistent with historian criticisms, Mongol religion fails to incorporate any ideals of morality or legality or to provide any sort of framework for its followers. Furthermore, though they claimed to be endowed with a God given destiny, they were never able or willing to back this claim up with any sort of proof.This leads one to wonder why no one contested the actions of the Mongols during that period. The answer to that question is best illustrated in the religious debate recounted in â€Å"William Rubricks account of the Mongols† in which the exclusiveness of Mongol influence is il luminated. The Mongols sought to institute a level of fear in it’s people that would keep them quiet and prevent them from fighting back. Sadly, even those who didn’t fight back were not necessarily spared. The nonsensical violent and inhumane acts committed by the Mongols were inexcusable.The invasions ultimately led to the obliteration not only of entire Middle Eastern populations but also to that of their cultural identities. Whether what replaced those cultures was prosperous or not, there is no justification for the diabolical actions of the Mongols. humanity o Their claimed religious incentives and fatalistic belief in their destiny This brings me to the inquiry of what logical motive led the Mongols to perpetrate their invasions. During their invasions the Mongols destroyed villages, and desecrated countless schools, libraries, mosques, and palaces.In fact there have been cases in which they even destroyed damns and flooded entire villages. Another argument in f avor of the Mongol’s is that the synthesis of Mongol, Turkic, Seljuq, and Iranian concepts gave birth to a new level of creativity in the Middle East. Ibn al- athir is recognizing the impossibility that any religion could provide justification for the atrocious actions of the Mongols. The powerful impact of Mongol religion and ideology on their militant actions qualifies them as extremists.In Hulegu Khans warning to the inhabitants of Baghdad he asserts his belief that he is doing his part in carrying out God’s given destiny: â€Å"I will burn your city, your land and yourself. If you wish to spare yourself and your venerable family, give heed to my advice†¦ If you do not, you will see what God has willed† (97). When a movement as enormous in scope and strength as the Mongol’s claim to have a purpose that is endowed to them by God, their influence is automatically multiplied. William of Rubruck’s Account of the Mongols† provides a detail ed Western Account of the Mongol invasions. The religious debate included in his account, addresses the areas in which Christian ideology conflicts with institutionalized Mongol religion of the time. One significant principle that incited conflict among the religious parties present was the omnipotence of God.Arthur Goldschmidt Jr. and Lawrence Davidson, A Concise History of the Middle East Ninth Edition, Boulder, CO, Westview Press, 2010, 95-98